When autonomy was won through violent uprising and overthrow, the commune was often called conspiratio (a conspiracy) ( Italian: cospirazione).ĭuring the 10th century in several parts of Western Europe, peasants began to gravitate towards walled population centers, as advances in agriculture (the three-field system) resulted in greater productivity and intense competition. Ultimately, the Proto-Indo-European root is *mey- (to change, exchange). They come from Medieval Latin communia, plural form of commune (that which is common, community, state), substantive noun from communis (common). The English and French word "commune" ( Italian: comune) appears in Latin records in various forms. At the same time in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility. They had greater development in central-northern Italy, where they became city-states based on partial democracy. These took many forms and varied widely in organization and makeup.Ĭommunes are first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city. SOLE Defensive towers at San Gimignano, Tuscany, bear witness to the factional strife within communes. ( June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
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